MODALS AUXILIARY & PASSIVE VOICE
MODALS AUXILIARY
What is the difference between pandemic and epidemic?
Do infectious and contagious mean the same thing?
How exactly does contact tracing work?
Even native English speakers may not fully know the answers to these questions.
As English learners, you have probably noticed some words and phrases you do not understand when reading reports about the new coronavirus. Today, we look at some of the most common COVID-19 terms.
We can start with epidemic versus pandemic.
An “epidemic” is when a disease spreads through a population and affects many individuals at the same time. An epidemic may affect a community, province or even a whole country.
A “pandemic” is a kind of epidemic -- one that spreads to a much larger area or even worldwide. Like many medical-related terms in English, the word comes from Greek. Pan- means “all or every.” The second part of the word, “-demic,” comes from the Greek word demos, meaning “people.”
On March 11, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus crisis a “pandemic.” At a news conference that day, the WHO’s director-general said, “Pandemic is not a word to use lightly or carelessly.” He was reminding people that the word is used only for the most extreme and dangerous situations.
The virus is now present in 213 countries and territories worldwide.
Infectious versus contagious
Infectious versus contagious
COVID-19 is infectious and contagious. Infectious -- the adjective form of infection -- describes diseases that are spread through the environment. Malaria, for example, is an infectious disease. Humans contract the disease through mosquito bites. Malaria, however, is not contagious -- or able to be passed from one person to another.
You already know that COVID-19 is easily passed person to person. Common colds and the seasonal flu are also contagious and infectious diseases.
Asymptomatic
The new coronavirus has spread quickly partly because those infected can be contagious before they even know they are sick. In other words, those people are asymptomatic.
This word has a lot going on. Let’s break it down.
A “symptom” is a change in the body that shows a disease is present. For example, we wrote on March 30: “Most people who get COVID-19 experience mild or moderate symptoms, like coughing and high body temperature, or fever.”
“Symptomatic” is the adjective form of symptom. It means “showing that a disease is present.” So, we could say: “A cough and fever are symptomatic of the new coronavirus.”
The prefix “a-” means “without.” So, what happens when we add the letter “a” to “symptomatic?” The word ends up meaning “having or showing no signs of disease.”
Quarantine, isolation and social distancing
Experts know that asymptomatic people can spread the disease. This is partly why officials are urging people to stay at home as much as possible. In some cases, whole countries were put in lockdown -- a state of restricted movement put in place as a security measure.
Most people around the world are social distancing. This term is new to everyday English. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, uses it to describe the act of avoiding gatherings and staying about two meters away from other people.
The World Health Organization is now using the term “physical distancing” instead of social distancing. The term is a little more exact because people can socialize without being near one another.
Social distancing is less extreme than quarantine and isolation.
Isolation separates sick people who have a contagious disease from people who are not sick.
Quarantine restricts the movement of people who were around a contagious person to see if they get sick. In the case of COVID-19, the recommended quarantine period is two weeks, or 14 days. The word was first used in the 1400s in Europe and meant “a period of about 40 days.”
Quarantine can be a noun and a verb. Here it is as a noun: “Early in the coronavirus spread, Vietnam restricted travel into the country and put tens of thousands of people into quarantine.”
And here it is as a verb: “Dr. Fauci quarantined himself after two people who work at the White House were found to have the new coronavirus.”
Contact tracing
Many experts say in order for it to be safe for places to reopen, widespread testing and contact tracing need to be in place.
Contact tracing requires investigative action. Tracers work with confirmed COVID-19 patients to learn whom they have been close to. The tracers then inform those people that they may have been infected. The tracers also provide advice on what actions to take.
In some places, such as South Korea and Singapore, contact tracing started early in the pandemic.
Flatten the curve
Social distancing, isolation and quarantining are all done to help “flatten the curve.” This phrase, now extremely common in the age of COVID-19, means to slow the spread of disease. The same number of people might get sick, but infections happen over a longer period. This eases the pressure on emergency and health care resources.
Hospitals in most areas have a limited number of beds and breathing machines, called ventilators. These machines are extremely important for treating patients with more severe cases of COVID-19.
The health care industry is also limited in respirators. These are special masks, or nose and mouth covers. Medical workers need respirators to protect themselves from contagious patients.
Here is how Ray Chambers, a WHO official, recently used the phrase on Twitter: “More physical distancing + other measures will help to flatten the curve + save lives.”
Chambers also used the term “physical distancing.” This is not as commonly used as social distancing. The two phrases mean the same thing. As Dr. Maria Kerkhove of the WHO said in the early days of the pandemic: “We’re changing to say physical distance and that’s on purpose, because we want people to still remain connected."
I’m Ashley Thompson.
And I’m Caty Weaver.
Ashley Thompson wrote this story for VOA Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor.
SOURCE : https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/the-language-of-an-international-health-crisis/5418565.html
PASSIVE VOICE
And now, Words and Their Stories, from VOA Learning English.
In human history, the spread of infectious diseases to mass numbers of people is not uncommon. Pandemics, historians say, started when we humans began farming land and living in communities. Pandemics increased as trade between communities and nations increased.
From smallpox to influenza to the plague, there was often no medical treatment to prevent or cure these diseases. Take for example, the plague that hit Europe in the 14th century. It is also known as the “Black Death.”
With no medical prevention available, isolating the sick was the only effective public health defense. With many other pandemics, the best chance at prevention was to keep sick people away from healthy people. This is called a quarantine.
And that is our word for today.
Word experts at Merriam-Webster explain that the word “quarantine” has both French and Italian influences.
In the late 1400s, English speakers borrowed the French word quarantaine which means “a period of about 40 days.” Quarante is the word for the number 40 (forty) in French.
At that time, quarantaine had a religious meaning. Some word experts say it refers to the period of time Jesus spent fasting -- going without food -- in the desert.
However, over time, people began using it for more than just religious situations. For example, it referred to the delay of putting a legal agreement in place. In the early 1500s, quarantine also was used to describe a "period of 40 days in which a widow has the right to remain in her dead husband's house.”
Around the same time, other city-states in Europe were also using a similar word -- quarantena. This word was used to mean the “isolation of a ship to protect the port city from potential disease.”
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention explains on its website that “quarantine was first introduced in 1377 on Croatia’s Dalmatian Coast.”
By the 1600s, English speakers began using quarantena to mean “isolation as protection from disease.” As the French form of this word (quarantaine) was already being used, English kept it but gave it a new meaning. It was now an English word based on French spelling -- with an Italian definition and Latin roots.
In North America in the late 1600s, quarantine was introduced to control yellow fever. The CDC says this was the case in New York (1688) and in Boston (1691).
Komentar
Posting Komentar